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George Szell(7th Jun. 1897 ~ 30th Jul. 1970)
[ From technique to perfection ]
3 George Szell [ from Sony Classical CD ]
After Furtwängler's death, it's common sense that there has never been such a great conductor like him showing subjective interpretation. However, there have always been other types. George Szell, the perfectionist of whom James Galway said that "he is sheer technician and persues technical perfection", an ensemblist who said "I polish the ensemble of the whole orchestra at the viewpoint of the chamber music" was surely one of the representatives in them.
György Szell was born at Budapest, but moved to Vienna at the early ages, where he learned music from Eusebius Mandyczewski(Brahms' friend), composition from J.B.Förster, and piano from Richard Robert, one of whose pupil was Rudolf Serkin(with whom later Szell gave many concerts in USA). He was surely a child prodigy judging from the fact that he performed Mozart's concerto with Vienna Symphony only at 10-year-old, and that Emperor concerto with Berlin Philharmonic (piano & conducting) and conducted a work of his own at the same concert at 17-year-old.
In
spite of these lustrous younger days, he grew by traditional
local opera house training - Berlin Royal opera(1915~17),
Strasbourg(1917~18), Prague(1919~21), Darmstadt(1921~22), Düsseldorf(1922~24),
and moved to Berlin State Opera as a first director(1924). At
Berlin Royal Opera, he was under R.Strauss, who taught George.
George even recorded a part of Don Juan because his
teacher arrived late at the scheduled recording session(released
record did NOT mention George's name). George recorded many of
R.Strauss' works and had authoritive interpretation about his
works, perhaps because of this personal relationship to the
composer himself.
George took
position as the first director of Prague German Opera in 1929,
when he began to be named at HMV's disques. Casals' Dvorak recording with him in 1937(George suggested recording to Casals after a
very satisfying concert) has high reputation up to now. George
also conducted at Abbey Road as a accompanist of Moiseiwitch and
Schnabel, which were released by Naxos at recent days.
He had
main activity in concert podium from 1937, and moved Hague
Residentie Orchestra and Scottish Orchestra in Glasgow as a chief
conductor. In 1939(WWII occurred) he was in USA(where he
conducted after 1930), and did not return to wartime Europe and
later nationalized, named George. He was guested by NBC
Symphony(invited by Toscanini), and especially had high fame by
conducting Wagner at MET from 1942 in Rudolf Bing era. Several
live recordings - Boris Godounov, Tannhäuser, etc -
survived now. However, after serious confrontation with Bing, he
said to him "I would not conduct here" and MET
audiences could not see him again.
Most
of all, his most famous and
fruitful achievement is, perhaps unanimously, to build Cleveland
Orchestra up. In 1946 Erich Leinsdorf was chief conductor. George
guested to Cleveland in 1945 and his concert had got great
applauses. When Leinsdorf left in 1946, Szell was appointed. He
proposed a condition "All powers to me about the
orchestra" to the trustee of the orchestra. Cleveland was
young and George was 49. All thought "George thinks this
position as a ladder to the major orchestra, like Artur
Rodjinsky(moved to New York Philharmonic) and Erich
Leinsdorf". However, George was settled and the decision was
proved as a crucial turnover to the orchestra, which made the
present Cleveland is surely one of the top-tiers in America, not
only in USA. Literally, Szell had ALL the powers about the
orchestra, including scheduling, program, and the right to hire
or fire members. He changed two-thirds of the members within a
year, increased the number of members from 88 to 104 - the result
was wonderful.
He was very strict and stubborn as a conductor,
and did not allowed any compromise. His partners as a solist
should be thorougly qualified by his eyes. Pierre
Fournier's
reminiscence; "When I had concert with the Cleveland, he
informed that the program was one of the Bach's unaccompanied
cello suite and Don Quixote."1)
Fournier was already the world first-ranked cellist then, but
George would like to test him. Pierre had to play Bach in front
of all the orchestra members!
The refined ensemble of Cleveland resulted from
the intense training, which was by far more fierce than 'normal'
hard training. Once George said "We have seven concerts a
week, only two with audiences." during 24 years. George's
tradition is a legendary in this orchestra and its blood. As an
example, only a third of the orchestra members were changed till
early 1990s after Szell passed away. In any rehearsal of guest
conductors, they say the orchestra members stare only at the
conductor as Szell asked them to do so.
While nurturing Cleveland, he often guested
European orchestras including many recordings. Featuring Salzburg
Festival(1948~69), he conducted London Symphony and Berlin Radio
Symphony in EMI, a single shot with DG was the famous Dvorak's
cello concerto with Fournier, accompanying his friend Clifford
Curzon with Vienna
Philharmonic and London Symphony in Decca. Also many symphonic
works were recorded in Decca and Philips label with London
Symphony and Concertgebouw, with which he retained long
partnership and remained about 6 LPs though the Concertgebouw
members complained his rehearsal was too rigorous and tough. It
was very exceptional that Karajan, who very rarely guested except
Vienna Philharmonic then, conducted the Cleveland Orchestra at
1967 Salzburg Festival2). It was said that Karajan thought highly of
the agility of the Cleveland.
Szell's last concert trip was on May 1970 in
Japan, Korea, and Alaska. The last recording of him is live on 22nd May at Ueno Bunka-Kaikan(Culture Hall), Tokyo(Sony Japan issued as CD and SACD). After two months
of this trip, he passed away from bone marrow cancer in Cleveland
on 30th July. Though he knew his health had declined, he accepted
the last tour offer.
His style can be roughly said as simplicity, technical perfection, refined and well-trained ensemble of orchestra, and straightforward force & drive. Perhaps this might seem to be similar to another Hungarian in America, Fritz Reiner, but my opinion is that Szell is surely more refined and transparent. It's well-known that he commented "(Cleveland) will be an ideal instrument for the musical expressions", we can hear his ideal in his late recodings with Cleveland - of a strict chamber musician and perfectionist. When Karajan first toured America with Berlin Philharmonic, critics said "this combi showed that a grand orchestra could play like a chamber music team with utmost and unified ensemble", but I tempted this might be proper more to Szell and Cleveland combi. His knowledge to all the instruments of orchestra was formidable, which may contribute to this skill of course.
His 'Jupiter' recording surprises us as he showed perfect control of
the fourth movement of which counterpoint structure is notorious
to grasp, with great playing skill of strings and winds sections
like only-one-player to each sections. While the technical side
is fascinating, many listeners feel this performance is somewhat
'militarily emotioned'. I think we
can remind Karl Böhm's Berlin Philharmonic recording(DG) with tough and strict interpretation, who
said 'No sentimentalism in Mozart'. However, the important
difference between the two conductor is brass section; we almost
can't hear brasses in Bohm but NOT - very clear - in Szell.
Actually the brass section, especially trumpet, is of little
musical consequence in this work, but the impression comes to be
very different. Though taught in Vienna Szell never interpreted
Mozart as 'Viennese bonbon'.
This kind of expressional style, so-called
'intellectualism', can sometimes make works very fresh. Sony's
excellent reissues 'Masterworks
Heritage series' included his recording fairly much. One of them
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Created ; 5th
Jan. 2003
Last update ; 5th Feb. 2003