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George Szell(7th Jun. 1897 ~ 30th Jul. 1970)

[ From technique to perfection ]

3 George Szell [ from Sony Classical CD ]

   After Furtwängler's death, it's common sense that there has never been such a great conductor like him showing subjective interpretation. However, there have always been other types. George Szell, the perfectionist of whom James Galway said that "he is sheer technician and persues technical perfection", an ensemblist who said "I polish the ensemble of the whole orchestra at the viewpoint of the chamber music" was surely one of the representatives in them.

   György Szell was born at Budapest, but moved to Vienna at the early ages, where he learned music from Eusebius Mandyczewski(Brahms' friend), composition from J.B.Förster, and piano from Richard Robert, one of whose pupil was Rudolf Serkin(with whom later Szell gave many concerts in USA). He was surely a child prodigy judging from the fact that he performed Mozart's concerto with Vienna Symphony only at 10-year-old, and that Emperor concerto with Berlin Philharmonic (piano & conducting) and conducted a work of his own at the same concert at 17-year-old.

   In spite of these lustrous younger days, he grew by traditional local opera house training - Berlin Royal opera(1915~17), Strasbourg(1917~18), Prague(1919~21), Darmstadt(1921~22), Düsseldorf(1922~24), and moved to Berlin State Opera as a first director(1924). At Berlin Royal Opera, he was under R.Strauss, who taught George. George even recorded a part of Don Juan because his teacher arrived late at the scheduled recording session(released record did NOT mention George's name). George recorded many of R.Strauss' works and had authoritive interpretation about his works, perhaps because of this personal relationship to the composer himself.
   
George took position as the first director of Prague German Opera in 1929, when he began to be named at HMV's disques. Casals' Dvorak recording with him in 1937(George suggested recording to Casals after a very satisfying concert) has high reputation up to now. George also conducted at Abbey Road as a accompanist of Moiseiwitch and Schnabel, which were released by Naxos at recent days.
   He had main activity in concert podium from 1937, and moved Hague Residentie Orchestra and Scottish Orchestra in Glasgow as a chief conductor. In 1939(WWII occurred) he was in USA(where he conducted after 1930), and did not return to wartime Europe and later nationalized, named George. He was guested by NBC Symphony(invited by Toscanini), and especially had high fame by conducting Wagner at MET from 1942 in Rudolf Bing era. Several live recordings - Boris Godounov, Tannhäuser, etc - survived now. However, after serious confrontation with Bing, he said to him "I would not conduct here" and MET audiences could not see him again.

   Most of all, his most famous and fruitful achievement is, perhaps unanimously, to build Cleveland Orchestra up. In 1946 Erich Leinsdorf was chief conductor. George guested to Cleveland in 1945 and his concert had got great applauses. When Leinsdorf left in 1946, Szell was appointed. He proposed a condition "All powers to me about the orchestra" to the trustee of the orchestra. Cleveland was young and George was 49. All thought "George thinks this position as a ladder to the major orchestra, like Artur Rodjinsky(moved to New York Philharmonic) and Erich Leinsdorf". However, George was settled and the decision was proved as a crucial turnover to the orchestra, which made the present Cleveland is surely one of the top-tiers in America, not only in USA. Literally, Szell had ALL the powers about the orchestra, including scheduling, program, and the right to hire or fire members. He changed two-thirds of the members within a year, increased the number of members from 88 to 104 - the result was wonderful.
   He was very strict and stubborn as a conductor, and did not allowed any compromise. His partners as a solist should be thorougly qualified by his eyes. Pierre Fournier's reminiscence; "When I had concert with the Cleveland, he informed that the program was one of the Bach's unaccompanied cello suite and Don Quixote."1) Fournier was already the world first-ranked cellist then, but George would like to test him. Pierre had to play Bach in front of all the orchestra members!
   The refined ensemble of Cleveland resulted from the intense training, which was by far more fierce than 'normal' hard training. Once George said "We have seven concerts a week, only two with audiences." during 24 years. George's tradition is a legendary in this orchestra and its blood. As an example, only a third of the orchestra members were changed till early 1990s after Szell passed away. In any rehearsal of guest conductors, they say the orchestra members stare only at the conductor as Szell asked them to do so.

   While nurturing Cleveland, he often guested European orchestras including many recordings. Featuring Salzburg Festival(1948~69), he conducted London Symphony and Berlin Radio Symphony in EMI, a single shot with DG was the famous Dvorak's cello concerto with Fournier, accompanying his friend Clifford Curzon with Vienna Philharmonic and London Symphony in Decca. Also many symphonic works were recorded in Decca and Philips label with London Symphony and Concertgebouw, with which he retained long partnership and remained about 6 LPs though the Concertgebouw members complained his rehearsal was too rigorous and tough. It was very exceptional that Karajan, who very rarely guested except Vienna Philharmonic then, conducted the Cleveland Orchestra at 1967 Salzburg Festival2). It was said that Karajan thought highly of the agility of the Cleveland.
   Szell's last concert trip was on May 1970 in Japan, Korea, and Alaska. The last recording of him is live on 22nd May at Ueno Bunka-Kaikan(Culture Hall), Tokyo(Sony Japan issued as CD and SACD). After two months of this trip, he passed away from bone marrow cancer in Cleveland on 30th July. Though he knew his health had declined, he accepted the last tour offer.

   His style can be roughly said as simplicity, technical perfection, refined and well-trained ensemble of orchestra, and straightforward force & drive. Perhaps this might seem to be similar to another Hungarian in America, Fritz Reiner, but my opinion is that Szell is surely more refined and transparent. It's well-known that he commented "(Cleveland) will be an ideal instrument for the musical expressions", we can hear his ideal in his late recodings with Cleveland - of a strict chamber musician and perfectionist. When Karajan first toured America with Berlin Philharmonic, critics said "this combi showed that a grand orchestra could play like a chamber music team with utmost and unified ensemble", but I tempted this might be proper more to Szell and Cleveland combi. His knowledge to all the instruments of orchestra was formidable, which may contribute to this skill of course.

   His 'Jupiter' recording surprises us as he showed perfect control of the fourth movement of which counterpoint structure is notorious to grasp, with great playing skill of strings and winds sections like only-one-player to each sections. While the technical side is fascinating, many listeners feel this performance is somewhat 'militarily emotioned'. I think we can remind Karl Böhm's Berlin Philharmonic recording(DG) with tough and strict interpretation, who said 'No sentimentalism in Mozart'. However, the important difference between the two conductor is brass section; we almost can't hear brasses in Bohm but NOT - very clear - in Szell. Actually the brass section, especially trumpet, is of little musical consequence in this work, but the impression comes to be very different. Though taught in Vienna Szell never interpreted Mozart as 'Viennese bonbon'.
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